Usenet 1993 July/InfoMagic USENET CD-ROM July 1993.ISO/sources/misc/volume27/dmake/part14

Text File | 1992-01-29 | 40.2 KB | 1,112 lines

Newsgroups: comp.sources.misc
From: [e-mail] (Dennis Vadura)
Subject:  v27i115:  dmake - dmake Version 3.8, Part14/41
Message-ID: <[e-mail]>
X-Md4-Signature: 87b7a6f27b823815f7ccf16c20ebecf8
Date: Tue, 28 Jan 1992 03:16:14 GMT
Approved: [e-mail]

Submitted-by: [e-mail] (Dennis Vadura)
Posting-number: Volume 27, Issue 115
Archive-name: dmake/part14
Environment: Atari-ST, Coherent, Mac, MSDOS, OS/2, UNIX
Supersedes: dmake: Volume 19, Issue 22-58

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# this is dmake.shar.14 (part 14 of a multipart archive)
# do not concatenate these parts, unpack them in order with /bin/sh
# file dmake/man/dmake.nc continued
#
if test ! -r _shar_seq_.tmp; then
    echo 'Please unpack part 1 first!'
    exit 1
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if test -f _shar_wnt_.tmp; then
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X          tion and to make all targets not depending on targets
X          that could not be made. Ordinarily dmake stops after a
X          command returns a non-zero status, specifying -k causes
X          dmake to ignore the error and continue to make as much
X          as possible.
X
X     -n   Causes dmake to print out what it would have executed,
X          but does not actually execute the commands.  A special
X          check is made for the string "$(MAKE)" inside a recipe
X          line, if found, the line is expanded and invoked,
X          thereby enabling recursive makes to give a full
X
X
X
Version 3.70                    UW                              2
X
X
X
X
DMAKE(p)             Unsupported Free Software            DMAKE(p)
X
X
X
X          description of all that they will do.  The check for
X          "$(MAKE)" is disabled inside group recipes.
X
X     -p   Print out a version of the digested makefile in human
X          readable form.  (useful for debugging, but cannot be
X          re-read by dmake)
X
X     -P#  On systems that support multi-processing cause dmake to
X          use # concurrent child processes to make targets.  See
X          the "MULTI PROCESSING" section for more information.
X
X     -q   Check and see if the target is up to date.  Exits with
X          code 0 if up to date, 1 otherwise.
X
X     -r   Tells dmake not to read the initial startup makefile,
X          see STARTUP section for more details.
X
X     -s   Tells dmake to do all its work silently and not echo
X          the commands it is executing to stdout (also suppresses
X          warnings).  This  is equivalent to the .SILENT attri-
X          bute or macro.
X
X     -S   Force sequential execution of recipes on architectures
X          which support concurrent makes.  For backward compati-
X          bility with old makefiles that have nasty side-effect
X          prerequisite dependencies.
X
X     -t   Causes dmake to touch the targets and bring them up to
X          date without executing any commands.  Note that targets
X          will not be created if they do not already exist.
X
X     -T   Tells dmake to not perform transitive closure on the
X          inference graph.
X
X     -u   Force an unconditional update.  (ie. do everything that
X          would be done if everything that a target depended on
X          was out of date)
X
X     -v[dfimt]
X          Verbose flag, when making targets print to stdout what
X          we are going to make and what we think its time stamp
X          is.  The optional flags [dfimt] can be used to restrict
X          the information that is displayed.  In the absence of
X          any optional flags all are assumed to be given (ie. -v
X          is equivalent to -vdfimt).  The meanings of the
X          optional flags are:
X
X          d    Notify of change directory operations only.
X
X          f    Notify of file I/O operations only.
X
X
X
X
X
Version 3.70                    UW                              3
X
X
X
X
DMAKE(p)             Unsupported Free Software            DMAKE(p)
X
X
X
X          i    Notify of inference algorithm operation only.
X
X          m    Notify of target update operations only.
X
X          t    Keep any temporary files created; normally they
X               are automatically deleted.
X
X     -V   Print the version of dmake, and values of builtin mac-
X          ros.
X
X     -x   Upon processing the user makefile export all non-
X          internally defined macros to the user's environment.
X          This option together with the -e option allows SYSV
X          AUGMAKE recursive makes to function as expected.
X
INDEX
X     Here is a list of the sections that follow and a short
X     description of each.  Perhaps you won't have to read the
X     whole man page to find what you need.
X
X     STARTUP            Describes dmake initialization.
X
X     SYNTAX             Describes the syntax of makefile expres-
X                        sions.
X
X     ATTRIBUTES         Describes the notion of attributes and
X                        how they are used when making targets.
X
X     MACROS             Defining and expanding macros.
X
X     RULES AND TARGETS  How to define targets and their prere-
X                        quisites.
X
X     RECIPES            How to tell dmake how to make a target.
X
X     TEXT DIVERSIONS    How to use text diversions in recipes and
X                        macro expansions.
X
X     SPECIAL TARGETS    Some targets are special.
X
X     SPECIAL MACROS     Macros used by dmake to alter the pro-
X                        cessing of the makefile, and those
X                        defined by dmake for the user.
X
X     CONTROL MACROS     Itemized list of special control macros.
X
X     RUN-TIME MACROS    Discussion of special run-time macros
X                        such as $@ and $<.
X
X     FUNCTION MACROS    GNU style function macros, only $(mktmp
X                        ...) for now.
X
X
X
X
Version 3.70                    UW                              4
X
X
X
X
DMAKE(p)             Unsupported Free Software            DMAKE(p)
X
X
X
X     DYNAMIC PREREQUISITES
X                        Processing of prerequisites which contain
X                        macro expansions in their name.
X
X     BINDING TARGETS    The rules that dmake uses to bind a tar-
X                        get to an existing file in the file sys-
X                        tem.
X
X     PERCENT(%) RULES   Specification of recipes to be used by
X                        the inference algorithm.
X
X     MAKING INFERENCES  The rules that dmake uses when inferring
X                        how to make a target which has no expli-
X                        cit recipe.  This and the previous sec-
X                        tion are really a single section in the
X                        text.
X
X     MAKING TARGETS     How dmake makes targets other than
X                        libraries.
X
X     MAKING LIBRARIES   How dmake makes libraries.
X
X     KEEP STATE         A discussion of how .KEEP_STATE works.
X
X     MULTI PROCESSING   Discussion of dmake's parallel make
X                        facilities for architectures that support
X                        them.
X
X     CONDITIONALS       Conditional expressions which control the
X                        processing of the makefile.
X
X     EXAMPLES           Some hopefully useful examples.
X
X     COMPATIBILITY      How dmake compares with previous versions
X                        of make.
X
X     LIMITS             Limitations of dmake.
X
X     PORTABILITY        Comments on writing portable makefiles.
X
X     FILES              Files used by dmake.
X
X     SEE ALSO           Other related programs, and man pages.
X
X     AUTHOR             The guy responsible for this thing.
X
X     BUGS               Hope not.
X
STARTUP
X     When dmake begins execution it first processes the command
X     line and then processes an initial startup-makefile.  This
X     is followed by an attempt to locate and process a user
X
X
X
Version 3.70                    UW                              5
X
X
X
X
DMAKE(p)             Unsupported Free Software            DMAKE(p)
X
X
X
X     supplied makefile.  The startup file defines the default
X     values of all required control macros and the set of default
X     rules for making targets and inferences.  When searching for
X     the startup makefile, dmake searches the following loca-
X     tions, in the order specified, until a startup file is
X     located:
X
X          1.   The location given as the value of the macro MAK-
X               ESTARTUP defined on the command line.
X
X          2.   The location given as the value of the environment
X               variable MAKESTARTUP defined in the current
X               environment.
X
X          3.   The location given as the value of the macro MAK-
X               ESTARTUP defined internally within dmake.
X
X     The above search is disabled by specifying the -r option on
X     the command line.  An error is issued if a startup makefile
X     cannot be found and the -r option was not specified.  A user
X     may substitute a custom startup file by defining the MAKES-
X     TARTUP environment variable or by redefining the MAKESTARTUP
X     macro on the command line.  To determine where dmake looks
X     for the default startup file, check your environment or
X     issue the command "dmake -V".
X
X     A similar search is performed to locate a default user
X     makefile when no -f command line option is specified.  By
X     default, the prerequisite list of the special target
X     .MAKEFILES specifies the names of possible makefiles and the
X     search order that dmake should use to determine if one
X     exists.  A typical definition for this target is:
X
X          .MAKEFILES : makefile.mk Makefile makefile
X
X     dmake will first look for makefile.mk and then the others.
X     If a prerequisite cannot be found dmake will try to make it
X     before going on to the next prerequisite.  For example,
X     makefile.mk can be checked out of an RCS file if the proper
X     rules for doing so are defined in the startup file.
X
X     If the first line of the user makefile is of the form:
X
X          #! command command_args
X
X     then dmake will expand and run the command prior to reading
X     any addtional input.  If the return code of the command is
X     zero then dmake will continue on to process the remainder of
X     the user makefile, if the return code is non-zero then dmake
X     will exit.
X
X
X
X
X
Version 3.70                    UW                              6
X
X
X
X
DMAKE(p)             Unsupported Free Software            DMAKE(p)
X
X
X
SYNTAX
X     This section is a summary of the syntax of makefile state-
X     ments.  The description is given in a style similar to BNF,
X     where { } enclose items that may appear zero or more times,
X     and [ ] enclose items that are optional.  Alternative pro-
X     ductions for a left hand side are indicated by '->', and
X     newlines are significant.  All symbols in bold type are text
X     or names representing text supplied by the user.
X
X
X
X          Makefile -> { Statement }
X
X          Statement -> Macro-Definition
X                    -> Conditional
X                    -> Rule-Definition
X                    -> Attribute-Definition
X
X          Macro-Definition -> MACRO = LINE
X                           -> MACRO *= LINE
X                           -> MACRO := LINE
X                           -> MACRO *:= LINE
X                           -> MACRO += LINE
X                           -> MACRO +:= LINE
X
X          Conditional ->  .IF expression
X                             Makefile
X                          [ .ELIF expression
X                             Makefile ]
X                          [ .ELSE
X                             Makefile ]
X                          .END
X
X          expression -> LINE
X                     -> STRING == LINE
X                     -> STRING != LINE
X
X
X          Rule-Definition ->  target-definition
X                                 [ recipe ]
X
X          target-definition -> targets [attrs] op { PREREQUISITE } [; rcp-line]
X
X          targets -> target { targets }
X                  -> "target" { targets }
X
X          target -> special-target
X                 -> TARGET
X
X          attrs -> attribute { attrs }
X                -> "attribute" { attrs }
X
X
X
X
Version 3.70                    UW                              7
X
X
X
X
DMAKE(p)             Unsupported Free Software            DMAKE(p)
X
X
X
X          op -> : { modifier }
X
X          modifier -> :
X                   -> ^
X                   -> !
X                   -> -
X
X          recipe -> { TAB rcp-line }
X                 -> [@][%][-] [
X                       { LINE }
X                    ]
X
X          rcp-line -> [@][%][-][+] LINE
X
X
X          Attribute-Definition -> attrs : targets
X
X
X          attribute -> .EPILOG
X                    -> .IGNORE
X                    -> .LIBRARY
X                    -> .MKSARGS
X                    -> .NOINFER
X                    -> .NOSTATE
X                    -> .PHONY
X                    -> .PRECIOUS
X                    -> .PROLOG
X                    -> .SETDIR=path
X                    -> .SILENT
X                    -> .SEQUENTIAL
X                    -> .SWAP
X                    -> .USESHELL
X                    -> .SYMBOL
X                    -> .UPDATEALL
X
X          special-target -> .ERROR
X                         -> .EXPORT
X                         -> .GROUPEPILOG
X                         -> .GROUPPROLOG
X                         -> .IMPORT
X                         -> .INCLUDE
X                         -> .INCLUDEDIRS
X                         -> .MAKEFILES
X                         -> .REMOVE
X                         -> .SOURCE
X                         -> .SOURCE.suffix
X                         -> .suffix1.suffix2
X
X
X     Where, TAB represents a <tab> character, STRING represents
X     an arbitrary sequence of characters, and LINE represents a
X     possibly empty sequence of characters terminated by a non-
X
X
X
Version 3.70                    UW                              8
X
X
X
X
DMAKE(p)             Unsupported Free Software            DMAKE(p)
X
X
X
X     escaped (not immediately preceded by a backslash '\') new-
X     line character.  MACRO, PREREQUISITE, and TARGET each
X     represent a string of characters not including space or tab
X     which respectively form the name of a macro, prerequisite or
X     target.  The name may itself be a macro expansion expres-
X     sion.  A LINE can be continued over several physical lines
X     by terminating it with a single backslash character.  Com-
X     ments are initiated by the pound # character and extend to
X     the end of line.  All comment text is discarded, a '#' may
X     be placed into the makefile text by escaping it with '\'
X     (ie. \# translates to # when it is parsed).  An exception to
X     this occurs when a # is seen inside a recipe line that
X     begins with a <tab> or is inside a group recipe.  If you
X     specify the -c command line switch then this behavior is
X     disabled and dmake will treat all # characters as start of
X     comment indicators unless they are escaped by \.  A set of
X     continued lines may be commented out by placing a single #
X     at the start of the first line.  A continued line cannot
X     span more than one makefile.
X
X     white space is defined to be any combination of <space>,
X     <tab>, and the sequence \<nl> when \<nl> is used to ter-
X     minate a LINE.  When processing macro definition lines, any
X     amount of white space is allowed on either side of the macro
X     operator (=, *=, :=, *:=, += or +:=), and white space is
X     stripped from both before and after the macro value string.
X     The sequence \<nl> is treated as white space during recipe
X     expansion and is deleted from the final recipe string.  You
X     must escape the \<nl> with another \ in order to get a \ at
X     the end of a recipe line.  The \<nl> sequence is deleted
X     from macro values when they are expanded.
X
X     When processing target definition lines, the recipe for a
X     target must, in general, follow the first definition of the
X     target (See the RULES AND TARGETS section for an exception),
X     and the recipe may not span across multiple makefiles.  Any
X     targets and prerequisites found on a target definition line
X     are taken to be white space separated tokens.  The rule
X     operator (op in SYNTAX section) is also considered to be a
X     token but does not require white space to precede or follow
X     it.  Since the rule operator begins with a `:', traditional
X     versions of make do not allow the `:' character to form a
X     valid target name.  dmake allows `:' to be present in
X     target/prerequisite names as long as the entire
X     target/prerequisite name is quoted.  For example:
X
X          a:fred : test
X
X     would be parsed as TARGET = a, PREREQUISITES={fred, :,
X     test}, which is not what was intended.  To fix this you must
X     write:
X
X
X
X
Version 3.70                    UW                              9
X
X
X
X
DMAKE(p)             Unsupported Free Software            DMAKE(p)
X
X
X
X          "a:fred" : test
X
X     Which will be parsed as expected.  Quoted target and prere-
X     quisite specifications may also contain white space thereby
X     allowing the use of complex function macro expressions..
X     See the EXAMPLES section for how to apply " quoting to a
X     list of targets.
X
ATTRIBUTES
X     dmake defines several target attributes.  Attributes may be
X     assigned to a single target, a group of targets, or to all
X     targets in the makefile.  Attributes are used to modify
X     dmake actions during target update.  The recognized attri-
X     butes are:
X
X
X     .EPILOG     Insert shell epilog code when executing a group
X                 recipe associated with any target having this
X                 attribute set.
X
X     .IGNORE     Ignore an error when trying to make any target
X                 with this attribute set.
X
X     .LIBRARY    Target is a library.
X
X     .MKSARGS    If running in an MSDOS environment then use MKS
X                 extended argument passing conventions to pass
X                 arguments to commands.  Non-MSDOS environments
X                 ignore this attribute.
X
X     .NOINFER    Any target with this attribute set will not be
X                 subjected to transitive closure if it is
X                 inferred as a prerequisite of a target whose
X                 recipe and prerequisites are being inferred.
X                 (i.e. the inference algorithm will not use any
X                 prerequisite with this attribute set, as a tar-
X                 get) If specified as '.NOINFER:' (ie. with no
X                 prerequisites or targets) then the effect is
X                 equivalent to specifying -T on the command line.
X
X     .NOSTATE    Any target with this attribute set will not have
X                 command line flag information stored in the
X                 state file if .KEEP_STATE has been enabled.
X
X     .PHONY      Any target with this attribute set will have its
X                 recipe executed each time the target is made
X                 even if a file matching the target name can be
X                 located.  Any targets that have a .PHONY attri-
X                 buted target as a prerequisite will be made each
X                 time the .PHONY attributed prerequisite is made.
X
X
X
X
X
Version 3.70                    UW                             10
X
X
X
X
DMAKE(p)             Unsupported Free Software            DMAKE(p)
X
X
X
X     .PRECIOUS   Do not remove associated target under any cir-
X                 cumstances.  Set by default for any targets
X                 whose corresponding files exist in the file sys-
X                 tem prior to the execution of dmake.
X
X     .PROLOG     Insert shell prolog code when executing a group
X                 recipe associated with any target having this
X                 attribute set.
X
X     .SEQUENTIAL Force a sequential make of the associated
X                 target's prerequisites.
X
X     .SETDIR     Change current working directory to specified
X                 directory when making the associated target.
X                 You must specify the directory at the time the
X                 attribute is specified.  To do this simply give
X                 .SETDIR=path as the attribute.  path is expanded
X                 and the result is used as the value of the
X                 directory to change to.  If path is surrounded
X                 by single quotes then path is not expanded, and
X                 is used literally as the directory name.  If the
X                 path contains any `:' characters then the entire
X                 attribute string must be quoted using ".  If a
X                 target having this attribute set also has the
X                 .IGNORE attribute set then if the change to the
X                 specified directory fails it will be ignored,
X                 and no error message will be issued.
X
X     .SILENT     Do not echo the recipe lines when making any
X                 target with this attribute set, and do not issue
X                 any warnings.
X
X     .SWAP       Under MSDOS when making a target with this
X                 attribute set swap the dmake executable to disk
X                 prior to executing the recipe line.  Also see
X                 the '%' recipe line flag defined in the RECIPES
X                 section.
X
X     .SYMBOL     Target is a library member and is an entry point
X                 into a module in the library.  This attribute is
X                 used only when searching a library for a target.
X                 Targets of the form lib((entry)) have this
X                 attribute set automatically.
X
X     .USESHELL   Force each recipe line of a target to be exe-
X                 cuted using a shell.  Specifying this attribute
X                 is equivalent to specifying the '+' character at
X                 the start of each line of a non-group recipe.
X
X     .UPDATEALL  Indicates that all the targets listed in this
X                 rule are updated by the execution of the accom-
X                 panying recipe.  A common example is the
X
X
X
Version 3.70                    UW                             11
X
X
X
X
DMAKE(p)             Unsupported Free Software            DMAKE(p)
X
X
X
X                 production of the y.tab.c and y.tab.h files by
X                 yacc when it is run on a grammar.  Specifying
X                 .UPDATEALL in such a rule prevents the running
X                 of yacc twice, once for the y.tab.c file and
X                 once for the y.tab.h file.
X
X
X     All attributes are user setable and except for .UPDATEALL,
X     .SETDIR and .MKSARGS may be used in one of two forms.  The
X     .MKSARGS attribute is restricted to use as a global attri-
X     bute, and the use of the .UPDATEALL and .SETDIR attributes
X     is restricted to rules of the second form only.
X
X          ATTRIBUTE_LIST : targets
X
X     assigns the attributes specified by ATTRIBUTE_LIST to each
X     target in targets or
X
X          targets ATTRIBUTE_LIST : ...
X
X     assigns the attributes specified by ATTRIBUTE_LIST to each
X     target in targets. In the first form if targets is empty
X     (ie. a NULL list), then the list of attributes will apply to
X     all targets in the makefile (this is equivalent to the com-
X     mon Make construct of ".IGNORE :" but has been modified to
X     the notion of an attribute instead of a special target).
X     Not all of the attributes have global meaning.  In particu-
X     lar, .LIBRARY, .NOSTATE, .PHONY, .SETDIR, .SYMBOL and
X     .UPDATEALL have no assigned global meaning.
X
X     Any attribute may be used with any target, even with the
X     special targets.  Some combinations are useless (e.g.
X     .INCLUDE .PRECIOUS: ... ), while others are useful (e.g.
X     .INCLUDE .IGNORE : "file.mk" will not complain if file.mk
X     cannot be found using the include file search rules, see the
X     section on SPECIAL TARGETS for a description of .INCLUDE).
X     If a specified attribute will not be used with the special
X     target a warning is issued and the attribute is ignored.
X
MACROS
X     dmake supports six types of macro assignment.
X
X
X     MACRO = LINE    This is the most common and familiar form of
X                     macro assignment.  It assigns LINE literally
X                     as the value of MACRO.  Future expansions of
X                     MACRO recursively expand its value.
X
X     MACRO *= LINE   This form behaves exactly as the simple '='
X                     form with the exception that if MACRO
X                     already has a value then the assignment is
X                     not performed.
X
X
X
Version 3.70                    UW                             12
X
X
X
X
DMAKE(p)             Unsupported Free Software            DMAKE(p)
X
X
X
X     MACRO := LINE   This form differs from the simple '=' form
X                     in that it expands LINE prior to assigning
X                     it as the value of MACRO.  Future expansions
X                     of MACRO do not recursively expand its
X                     value.
X
X     MACRO *:= LINE  This form behaves exactly as the ':=' form
X                     with the exception that if MACRO already has
X                     a value then the assignment and expansion
X                     are not performed.
X
X     MACRO += LINE   This form of macro assignment allows macro
X                     values to grow.  It takes the literal value
X                     of LINE and appends it to the previous value
X                     of MACRO separating the two by a single
X                     space.  Future expansions of MACRO recur-
X                     sively expand its value.
X
X     MACRO +:= LINE  This form is similar to the '+=' form except
X                     that the value of LINE is expanded prior to
X                     being added to the value of MACRO.
X
X     Macro expressions specified on the command line allow the
X     macro value to be redefined within the makefile only if the
X     macro is defined using the '+=' and '+:=' operators.  Other
X     operators will define a macro that cannot be further modi-
X     fied.
X
X     When dmake defines a non-environment macro it strips leading
X     and trailing white space from the macro value.  Macros
X     imported from the environment via either the .IMPORT special
X     target (see the SPECIAL TARGETS section), or the -e, or -E
X     flags are an exception to this rule.  Their values are
X     always taken literally and white space is never stripped.
X     In addition, named macros defined using the .IMPORT special
X     target do not have their values expanded when they are used
X     within a makefile.  In contrast, environment macros that are
X     imported due to the specification of the -e or -E flags are
X     subject to expansion when used.
X
X     To specify a macro expansion enclose the name in () or {}
X     and precede it with a dollar sign $.  Thus $(TEST)
X     represents an expansion of the macro variable named TEST.
X     If TEST is defined then $(TEST) is replaced by its expanded
X     value.  If TEST is not defined then $(TEST) expands to the
X     NULL string (this is equivalent to defining a macro as
X     'TEST=' ).  A short form may be used for single character
X     named macros.  In this case the parentheses are optional,
X     and $(I) is equivalent to $I.  Macro expansion is recursive,
X     hence, if the value string contains an expression represent-
X     ing a macro expansion, the expansion is performed.  Circular
X     macro expansions are detected and cause an error to be
X
X
X
Version 3.70                    UW                             13
X
X
X
X
DMAKE(p)             Unsupported Free Software            DMAKE(p)
X
X
X
X     issued.
X
X     When defining a macro the given macro name is first expanded
X     before being used to define the macro.  Thus it is possible
X     to define macros whose names depend on values of other mac-
X     ros.  For example, suppose CWD is defined as
X
X          CWD = $(PWD:b)
X
X     then the value of $(CWD) is the name of the current direc-
X     tory.  This can be used to define macros specific to this
X     directory, for example:
X
X          _$(CWD).prt = list of files to print...
X
X     The actual name of the defined macro is a function of the
X     current directory.  A construct such as this is useful when
X     processing a hierarchy of directories using .SETDIR attri-
X     buted targets and a collection of small distributed makefile
X     stubs.
X
X     Macro variables may be defined within the makefile, on the
X     command line, or imported from the environment.
X
X     dmake supports several non-standard macro expansions: The
X     first is of the form:
X
X          $(macro_name:modifier_list:modifier_list:...)
X
X     where modifier_list is chosen from the set { D or d, F or f,
X     B or b, S or s, T or t } and
X
X          d - directory portion of all path names
X          f - file (including suffix) portion of path names
X          b - file (not including suffix) portion of path names
X          s - simple pattern substitution
X          t - tokenization.
X
X     Thus if we have the example:
X
X          test = d1/d2/d3/a.out f.out d1/k.out
X
X     The following macro expansions produce the values on the
X     right of '->' after expansion.
X
X          $(test:d)            -> d1/d2/d3/ d1/
X          $(test:b)            -> a f k
X          $(test:f)            -> a.out f.out k.out
X          ${test:db}           -> d1/d2/d3/a f d1/k
X          ${test:s/out/in/:f}  -> a.in f.in k.in
X          $(test:f:t"+")       -> a.out+f.out+k.out
X
X
X
X
Version 3.70                    UW                             14
X
X
X
X
DMAKE(p)             Unsupported Free Software            DMAKE(p)
X
X
X
X     If a token ends in a string composed from the value of the
X     macro DIRBRKSTR (ie. ends in a directory separator string,
X     e.g. '/' in UNIX) and you use the :d modifier then the
X     expansion returns the directory name less the final direc-
X     tory separator string.  Thus successive pairs of :d modif-
X     iers each remove a level of directory in the token string.
X
X     The tokenization modifier takes all white space separated
X     tokens from the macro value and separates them by the quoted
X     separator string.  The separator string may contain the fol-
X     lowing escape codes \a => <bel>, \b => <backspace>, \f =>
X     <formfeed>, \n => <nl>, \r => <cr>, \t => <tab>, \v =>
X     <vertical tab>, \" => ", and \xxx => <xxx> where xxx is the
X     octal representation of a character.  Thus the expansion:
X
X          $(test:f:t"+\n")
X     produces:
X          a.out+
X          f.out+
X          k.out
X
X     The second non-standard form of macro expansion allows for
X     recursive macros.  It is possible to specify a $(macro_name)
X     or ${macro_name} expansion where macro_name contains more $(
X     ... ) or ${ ... } macro expansions itself.
X
X     For example $(CC$(_HOST)$(_COMPILER)) will first expand
X     CC$(_HOST)$(_COMPILER) to get a result and use that result
X     as the name of the macro to expand.  This is useful for
X     writing a makefile for more than one target environment.  As
X     an example consider the following hypothetical case. Suppose
X     that _HOST and _COMPILER are imported from the environment
X     and are set to represent the host machine type and the host
X     compiler respectively.
X
X          CFLAGS_VAX_CC = -c -O     # _HOST == "_VAX", _COMPILER == "_CC"
X          CFLAGS_PC_MSC = -c -ML # _HOST == "_PC",  _COMPILER == "_MSC"
X
X          # redefine CFLAGS macro as:
X
X          CFLAGS := $(CFLAGS$(_HOST)$(_COMPILER))
X
X     This causes CFLAGS to take on a value that corresponds to
X     the environment in which the make is being invoked.
X
X     The final non-standard macro expansion is of the form:
X
X          string1{token_list}string2
X
X     where string1, string2 and token_list are expanded.  After
X     expansion, string1 is prepended to each token found in
X     token_list and string2 is appended to each resulting token
X
X
X
Version 3.70                    UW                             15
X
X
X
X
DMAKE(p)             Unsupported Free Software            DMAKE(p)
X
X
X
X     from the previous prepend.  string1 and string2 are not del-
X     imited by white space whereas the tokens in token_list are.
X     A null token in the token list is specified using "".  Thus
X     using another example we have:
X
X          test/{f1 f2}.o     --> test/f1.o test/f2.o
X          test/ {f1 f2}.o    --> test/ f1.o f2.o
X          test/{f1 f2} .o    --> test/f1 test/f2 .o
X          test/{"f1"  ""}.o  --> test/f1.o test/.o
X
X          and
X
X          test/{d1 d2}/{f1 f2}.o --> test/d1/f1.o test/d1/f2.o
X                                     test/d2/f1.o test/d2/f2.o
X
X     This last expansion is activated only when the first charac-
X     ters of token_list appear immediately after the opening '{'
X     with no intervening white space.  The reason for this res-
X     triction is the following incompatibility with Bourne Shell
X     recipes.  The line
X
X          { echo hello;}
X
X     is valid /bin/sh syntax; while
X
X          {echo hello;}
X
X     is not.  Hence the latter triggers the enhanced macro expan-
X     sion while the former causes it to be suppressed.  See the
X     SPECIAL MACROS section for a description of the special mac-
X     ros that dmake defines and understands.
X
RULES AND TARGETS
X     A makefile contains a series of entries that specify depen-
X     dencies.  Such entries are called target/prerequisite or
X     rule definitions.  Each rule definition is optionally fol-
X     lowed by a set of lines that provide a recipe for updating
X     any targets defined by the rule.  Whenever dmake attempts to
X     bring a target up to date and an explicit recipe is provided
X     with a rule defining the target, that recipe is used to
X     update the target.  A rule definition begins with a line
X     having the following syntax:
X
X          <targets> [<attributes>] <ruleop> [<prerequisites>] [;<recipe>]
X
X     targets is a non-empty list of targets.  If the target is a
X     special target (see SPECIAL TARGETS section below) then it
X     must appear alone on the rule line.  For example:
X
X          .IMPORT .ERROR : ...
X
X     is not allowed since both .IMPORT and .ERROR are special
X
X
X
Version 3.70                    UW                             16
X
X
X
X
DMAKE(p)             Unsupported Free Software            DMAKE(p)
X
X
X
X     targets.  Special targets are not used in the construction
X     of the dependency graph and will not be made.
X
X     attributes is a possibly empty list of attributes.  Any
X     attribute defined in the ATTRIBUTES section above may be
X     specified.  All attributes will be applied to the list of
X     named targets in the rule definition.  No other targets will
X     be affected.
X
X
X     NOTE:   As stated earlier, if both the target list and
X             prerequisite list are empty but the attributes list
X             is not, then the specified attributes affect all
X             targets in the makefile.
X
X
X     ruleop is a separator which is used to identify the targets
X     from the prerequisites.  Optionally it also provides a
X     facility for modifying the way in which dmake handles the
X     making of the associated targets.  In its simplest form the
X     operator is a single ':', and need not be separated by white
X     space from its neighboring tokens.  It may additionally be
X     followed by any of the modifiers { !, ^, -, : }, where:
X
X
X     !    says execute the recipe for the associated targets once
X          for each out of date prerequisite.  Ordinarily the
X          recipe is executed once for all out of date prere-
X          quisites at the same time.
X
X     ^    says to insert the specified prerequisites, if any,
X          before any other prerequisites already associated with
X          the specified targets.  In general, it is not useful to
X          specify ^ with an empty list of prerequisites.
X
X     -    says to clear the previous list of prerequisites before
X          adding the new prerequisites.  Thus,
X
X               .SUFFIXES :
X               .SUFFIXES : .a .b
X
X          can be replaced by
X
X               .SUFFIXES :- .a .b
X
X          however the old form still works as expected.  NOTE:
X          .SUFFIXES is ignored by dmake it is used here simply as
X          an example.
X
X     :    When the rule operator is not modified by a second ':'
X          only one set of rules may be specified for making a
X          target.  Multiple definitions may be used to add to the
X
X
X
Version 3.70                    UW                             17
X
X
X
X
DMAKE(p)             Unsupported Free Software            DMAKE(p)
X
X
X
X          list of prerequisites that a target depends on.  How-
X          ever, if a target is multiply defined only one defini-
X          tion may specify a recipe for making the target.
X
X          When a target's rule operator is modified by a second
X          ':' (:: for example) then this definition may not be
X          the only definition with a recipe for the target.
X          There may be other :: target definition lines that
X          specify a different set of prerequisites with a dif-
X          ferent recipe for updating the target. Any such target
X          is made if any of the definitions find it to be out of
X          date with respect to the related prerequisites and the
X          corresponding recipe is used to update the target.
X
X          In the following simple example, each rule has a `::'
X          ruleop.  In such an operator we call the first `:' the
X          operator, and the second `:' the modifier.
X
X          a.o :: a.c b.h
X             first recipe for making a.o
X
X          a.o :: a.y b.h
X             second recipe for making a.o
X
X          If a.o is found to be out of date with respect to a.c
X          then the first recipe is used to make a.o.  If it is
X          found out of date with respect to a.y then the second
X          recipe is used.  If a.o is out of date with respect to
X          b.h then both recipes are invoked to make a.o.  In the
X          last case the order of invocation corresponds to the
X          order in which the rule definitions appear in the
X          makefile.
X
X     Targets defined using a single `:' operator with a recipe
X     may be redefined again with a new recipe by using a `:'
X     operator with a `:' modifier.  This is equivalent to a tar-
X     get having been initially defined with a rule using a `:'
X     modifier.  Once a target is defined using a `:' modifier it
X     may not be defined again with a recipe using only the `:'
X     operator with no `:' modifier.  In both cases the use of a
X     `:' modifier creates a new list of prerequisites and makes
X     it the current prerequisite list for the target.  The `:'
X     operator with no recipe always modifies the current list of
X     prerequisites.  Thus assuming each of the following defini-
X     tions has a recipe attached, then:
X
X          joe :  fred ...     (1)
X          joe :: more ...     (2)
X
X          and
X
X          joe :: fred ...     (3)
X
X
X
Version 3.70                    UW                             18
X
X
X
X
DMAKE(p)             Unsupported Free Software            DMAKE(p)
X
X
X
X          joe :: more ...     (4)
X
X     are legal and mean:  add the recipe associated with (2), or
X     (4) to the set of recipes for joe, placing them after exist-
X     ing recipes for making joe.  The constructs:
X
X          joe :: fred ...     (5)
X          joe : more ... (6)
X
X          and
X
X          joe : fred ... (7)
X          joe : more ... (8)
X
X     are errors since we have two sets of perfectly good recipes
X     for making the target.
X
X     prerequisites is a possibly empty list of targets that must
X     be brought up to date before making the current target.
X
X     recipe is a short form and allows the user to specify short
X     rule definitions on a single line.  It is taken to be the
X     first recipe line in a larger recipe if additional lines
X     follow the rule definition.  If the semi-colon is present
SHAR_EOF
true || echo 'restore of dmake/man/dmake.nc failed'
fi
echo 'End of part 14, continue with part 15'
echo 15 > _shar_seq_.tmp
exit 0
exit 0 # Just in case...